The Constitution of India, a living document reflecting the aspirations of a diverse nation, contains several articles that have sparked considerable controversy and debate over the years. These articles have been scrutinized for their impact on the unity, integrity, and rights of individuals and states.
Here is an in-depth look at some of the most contentious articles:
Article 370:
This article, granting special status to Jammu and Kashmir, has been a focal point of debate. While some argue that it jeopardizes India’s unity, others contend it is crucial for preserving the cultural and political identity of the region. Example: The abrogation of Article 370 in 2019 stirred significant debate and legal challenges.
Article 371:
Providing special provisions to specific states, this article has faced criticism for potentially undermining India’s unity. Conversely, proponents argue that it is necessary to safeguard the unique cultural and political identities of these states. Example: The special provisions for states like Nagaland and Andhra Pradesh have led to debates over regional autonomy.
Article 356:
Allowing the President to declare a state of emergency in case of a constitutional breakdown, this article has been divisive. Critics argue it grants excessive power to the central government, potentially undermining state autonomy, while supporters see it as vital for preserving national unity during crises. Example: The imposition of President’s Rule in various states has been controversial, with accusations of misuse of power.
Article 15(4):
This article, allowing special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes, has been controversial. Some argue it perpetuates discrimination, while others assert its necessity in addressing historical disadvantages faced by marginalized communities. Example: Reservation policies in educational institutions and government jobs have been a source of ongoing debate.
Article 21A:
Ensuring the right to education for children aged 6 to 14, this article has sparked debate. While critics express concerns about its impact on schools and governments, supporters believe it is essential for ensuring universal access to education. Example: The Right to Education Act, enacted to fulfill the provisions of Article 21A, has faced challenges in implementation.
Article 25:
Guaranteeing freedom of conscience and the right to practice religion, this article has been a topic of contention. Critics argue it infringes on freedom of expression, while supporters emphasize its importance in protecting religious freedom. Example: Cases involving the intersection of religious practices and fundamental rights, such as the Sabarimala temple entry issue, have raised debates around Article 25.
Article 66:
Concerning the election of the Vice President, this article has faced criticism for potential bias. Some argue it does not adequately represent the country’s diversity, while others stress its importance in selecting a qualified Vice President. Example: Discussions around the representation of different communities in the office of the Vice President have been ongoing.
Article 39:
Directing the state to ensure citizens’ right to livelihood, this article has generated debate. Critics contend it places an unreasonable burden on the state, while others assert its necessity for meeting the basic needs of citizens. Example: Policies aimed at poverty alleviation and employment generation are often discussed in the context of Article 39.
Article 44:
Encouraging worker participation in industry management, this Directive Principle has been controversial. Critics argue it burdens the state and private industries, while supporters emphasize the need to protect workers’ rights. Example: Debates around the implementation of worker participation in industries, as outlined in Article 44, often arise during discussions on labor laws.
Article 15(5):
Allowing special provisions for backward classes in educational institutions, this article has faced criticism for potential discrimination. Proponents argue it addresses historical disadvantages faced by marginalized communities. Example: The implementation of reservations in educational institutions for socially and educationally backward classes is a source of ongoing debate.
Article 31C:
Allowing the state to implement laws for Directive Principles, even if they infringe on fundamental rights, this article is contentious. Critics express concerns about overriding fundamental rights, while supporters highlight its importance in implementing Directive Principles. Example: The debate around the balance between fundamental rights and directive principles often surfaces in discussions on legislation impacting social and economic policies.
Article 124(2):
Regarding the appointment of Supreme Court judges, this article has been scrutinized. Some argue it lacks diversity, favoring certain communities, while others stress the importance of selecting qualified judges. Example: Discussions around the appointment of judges often involve considerations of diversity and merit, as outlined in Article 124(2).
Article 217:
Concerning the appointment of high court judges, this article has faced criticism. Critics question its representation of diversity, while supporters underscore its significance in selecting suitable candidates. Example: Similar to the concerns around the Supreme Court, discussions on the appointment of high court judges involve considerations of diversity and merit.
In exploring these controversial articles, it becomes evident that the Indian Constitution is a dynamic document, subject to ongoing discussions about the balance between unity, diversity, and individual rights. As India evolves, these debates will continue to shape the interpretation and application of its constitutional provisions.
